Ian Murphy, capital liaison manager, at Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water, discusses the electrochlorination project with James Lester for the Municipal division at Evoqua.
Electrochlorination – on site production of sodium hypochlorite solution by electrolysis of brine – has several advantages over other chlorination systems. The process generates sodium hypochlorite by electrolysing a solution of common salt (brine). The resulting solution contains 0.8% sodium hypochlorite and can be dosed directly into the water.
This means that the disinfectant solution is prepared as it is needed with no long storage periods. It is also much less hazardous than gaseous chlorine or 15% commercial sodium hypochlorite solution. The only chemical required on site is salt (sodium chloride) which is non-hazardous and can be conveniently purchased in 25kg bags or as a powder by road tanker in 9 or 18te deliveries, and easily stored on site. It is also widely available from many suppliers, which means security of supply. There are other advantages to electrochlorination, as Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water found.
Welsh Water’s Hirwaun water treatment works is a small works (5Ml/d) which treats raw water from the Penderyn upland reservoir. Treatment is by coagulation with ferric sulphate and lime, flocculation, and clarification by DAF.
Final disinfection
The clarified water is dosed with lime and this is followed by first stage filtration in four rapid gravity filters, intermediate electrochlorination and orthophosphoric acid dosing, and second stage filtration in four pressure filters. Final disinfection is by electrochlorination. The original electrochlorination plant was an Evoqua OSEC packaged system installed over twenty years ago and had reached the end of its asset life.
Ian Murphy, capital liaison manager at Welsh Water, led the project team investigating replacement of the OSEC system and considered alternatives including chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite and electrochlorination. Chlorine gas was ruled out due to the need for considerable civil works to extend the building to provide separate drum or cylinder storage.
Also, there was the difficulty of a supply chain for the relatively small quantities of chlorine gas required. Another factor in the decision-making process was transport. Hirwaun is a remote site with poor road access. Bringing in chlorine gas by truck would introduce a potential hazard to the local rural community which Welsh Water felt was unacceptable.
Minimum costs
Sodium hypochlorite was also considered but a small works like Hirwaun uses relatively small quantities of hypochlorite. Even if delivered in IBCs, the storage times for the chemical would be long resulting in degradation in strength before it was all used. And, again, there would be the issue of road tanker or large truck traffic and the logistical risk of reliance on a sole chemical supplier. The team turned to Evoqua Water Technologies.
Electrochlorination technology has advanced in the last twenty years, and Evoqua’s offer was for an OSEC B-Pak 65 EU system producing up to 1.25kg/h of chlorine equivalent at a salt consumption of only about 3 kg of salt per kg of chlorine equivalent.
The small footprint (1690 x 750 x 1820mm height), skid mounted package fitted comfortably into the space occupied by the original OSEC system so there were no additional civil and construction costs nor outside contractors to manage. This meant that the entire scheme could be managed by which Welsh Water, keeping project costs to a minimum and completing the scheme under budget.
In addition to the electrolysis cell and associated transformer/rectifier to provide the direct current for the process (730A maximum at 7V), the skid-mounted package includes a duplex water softener to prevent scaling in the cell, and an IP54 control panel with PLC controller capable of interfacing with the works SCADA system. An air blower provides a positive draught of air to the hypochlorite tank and this dilutes the small quantity of hydrogen gas which is produced as a by-product of the electrolysis, safely below its lower explosive limit and vents it to atmosphere.